Canine Communication and Body Language犬的沟通和肢体语言

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A couple of years ago a Japanese electronics company came up with a Gizmo which they claimed could convert dogs barks, yips and whines into human language, thereby allowing us to understand "Doggie" speak for the first time.数年前一位日本电子公司成立了一个gizmo ，其中他们声称可转换狗树皮， yips和whines到人类语言，从而使我们认识到“ doggie ”发言，为第一次。 I was on a radio program recently, discussing the merits and usefulness of a new dog collar that was also a mobile phone.我是在一个电台节目上，最近，讨论的优点和有用的一个新的狗衣领这也是一部手提电话。 You could ring up and converse with your dog at any time and enjoy a nice cosy chat.你可以环和逆向与你的宠物狗会在任何时间和享受舒适的很好的交谈。 You might as well text your pet for all the good phoning it would do; the mostly likely outcome of this idea would be to startle and frighten your pet.您可能会以及文本您的宠物所有的良好打电话将尽;大多是有可能的结果，这种想法将是惊吓和吓唬你的宠物。

In reality, real canine language is not just verbal; it is a rich visual language, where dogs are able to converse with each other irrespective of breed or nationality.在现实中，真正的犬语言不只是口头，它是一个丰富的视觉语言，狗是能够逆向与对方不论品种或国籍。 A Collie from Wales can converse with an Akita from Japan and a Poodle living in France with a village dog in Ethiopia. 1 Collie ）从威尔斯可以逆向与来自日本的秋田和贵宾犬居住在法国的同一个村庄的狗在埃塞俄比亚。

Dogs have a truly universal language that can be incredibly subtle and wide ranging.狗有一个真正具有普遍性的语言可以令人难以置信的微妙和广泛。 This marvellous language is one that we can also learn and understand, and through that ability communicate with our dogs far more effectively.这奇妙的语言是一个我们还可以学习和理解，并通过这种能力，沟通，与我们的狗到目前为止，更有效。

However this is a language that needs to be practiced for our dogs to be fluent.不过，这是一个语言需要加以实践，我们的狗，以流利。 That is why early socialisation, puppy classes, and controlled play with other vaccinated dogs is so vitally important, especially in the critical periods from 7 to 16 weeks.这就是为什么早在社交，小狗班，和控制发挥与其他接种疫苗的狗是如此重要，特别是在关键期从7至16个星期。 As a behaviourist I get to treat many of these animals that are unable to give calming signals or are stunted in their ability to meet and greet because of the lack of early socialisation.作为一个behaviourist我得到治疗，许多这些动物都无法给悠闲的信号或发育不良，相信他们有能力迎接和欢迎，由于缺乏早期社交。

These are normally the ones that have fear and animosity towards other dogs and sometimes humans, culminating in the most common aggression of all "Fear".这些通常是那些有恐惧和敌视其他狗，有时人类，最终在最常见的侵略，所有“恐惧” 。 In many cases, they are unable to understand or signal their intentions; a classic example is boxers who are often attacked by other dogs.在许多情况下，他们是无法理解的信号或他们的意图;一个典型的例子是义和团谁，往往遭到其他狗。 They have been bred with flattened features that are almost immobile, then we dock their tail to a tiny useless stub, making them unable to display some of the facial and tail signals that are so important in the greeting ritual.他们已育成与夷为平地的功能，几乎不动的，那么我们船坞他们的尾巴极无用的存根，使他们无法显示的一些面部和尾部的信号是如此重要，在迎接仪式。

I said earlier that we can learn this language, however some aspects of canine language are so complex, that we cannot even start to reproduce it with our puny two legs, small immobile ears, and lack of tail.我刚才说过，我们可以学习这种语言，不过，有些方面的犬的语言是如此复杂，我们甚至不能开始重现它与我们的puny的两条腿，小动的耳朵，以及缺乏的尾巴。

We are further hampered by the fact that we tend to think that our pets can understand complex thought patterns; we assume a dog's level of understanding is on a par with our own.我们正进一步受到阻碍的事实，即我们倾向于认为我们的宠物是可以理解的复杂的思维模式;我们假设狗的了解程度，是一杆与我们自己。 This is known as "anthropomorphism", the dictionary definition is "The attribution of human motivation, characteristics, or behaviour to nonhuman organisms or inanimate objects".这是被称为“拟人” ，字典中的定义是“人类的归属动机，特点，或行为，以非人生物体或无生命的物体” 。 It is a bit like saying that a vine climbed up the tree to getter a better view of the garden.这是一个有点像说，一藤蔓爬上了树，以更好地吸气鉴于该花园。

Dogs and Vocalisation狗和vocalisation

Dogs do bark and vocalise it is a part of their ability to converse, however this is only one factor in your dogs language repertoire, effectively when they bark they are saying "Heyyyyy".狗树皮和vocalise这是一个部分，他们的能力，以逆向，不过，这只是其中的因素，在您的狗语言的曲目，切实当他们树皮，他们说： “ heyyyyy ” 。 This can be happy, demanding or questioning.这可以高兴，要求或问话。 They also communicate verbally in other ways the excited Yip when you get the lead out, the bark they make when someone is at the door, quite different from the nervous bark when they hear something unusual.他们还口头沟通，以其他方式激发业，当你得到带头出来，树皮，使他们时，有人在门口，颇为不同，从紧张的树皮当他们听到一些不寻常。

Having said that true communication comes from the glance, the head position, the body posture, and a myriad of other signals constantly being passed back and forth.话虽如此，真正的沟通，来自乍一看，头位，体位，以及无数其他的信号不断被通过，反反复复。 Dogs try to converse with us, but without understanding the subtly of the language we often miss most of what they are trying to convey.狗尝试与我们交谈，但没有理解巧妙的语言我们经常错过的大部分东西他们正试图转达。 This can cause misunderstanding and confusion and may be one of the main reasons we get the behavioural problems we see today.这可能会造成误解和混淆，并可能其中一个主要的原因，我们得到的行为问题，我们今天所看到的。

Greeting and Appeasing Signals迎接和安抚信号

We humans are the direct descendants of primates including ape's chimpanzees, bonobos and gorillas.我们人类是直接的后裔，包括猿的灵长类的黑猩猩，侏儒黑猩猩和大猩猩。 That is not to denigrate our unique position on the evolutionary ladder, but our heritage is none the less, Primate.这并不是贬低我们的独特地位，对进化的阶梯，但我们的遗产是没有少，灵长类。 Dog's ancestry is intrinsically linked to the wolf, therefore Canids, which include wolves, coyotes, and jackals, a very different species with very different body language.狗的祖先是有着内在的联系，狼来了，因此，犬科动物，其中包括狼， coyotes ，豺，一个非常不同的物种非常不同的身体语言。

Where communication sometimes breaks down is when we greet other species, we tend approach then as we would humans, face on making full eye contact; we often hug, face to face, putting our faces close together.那里的沟通，有时坏了的时候，我们迎来了其他物种的，但我们往往办法，然后我们将人类面临的充分眼神接触;我们经常拥抱，面对面，把我们所面临的密切合作。 Just look at the common greeting of kissing both cheeks.只看共同迎接的亲吻脸颊都。 To a dog, this is a threatening gesture and is deemed rude and inappropriate.以一只狗，这是一个威胁的姿态，被认为是粗鲁的和不适当的。

Have you ever seen dogs hug?你见过狗拥抱呢？ In the main most of our pets suffer this indignity in silence but not always.在主要我们大部分的宠物受到侮辱，这在沉默但并非总是如此。 This is one of the reasons people are bitten, especially young children under five, who tend to cuddle everything they can get their hands on.这是原因之一，人民是被咬伤，尤其是年轻5岁以下儿童，谁往往拥抱一切，他们可以得到他们手中的。 This coupled with the fact that you cannot negotiate with a child under five, you have more chance of negotiating with a terrorist.再加上事实，即你不能进行谈判，以儿童的下五，你有更多的机会，谈判与恐怖。 Ask any mother, this sadly makes the toddler one of the most frequent victims of dog bites.问任何的母亲，这很可惜，使幼儿的其中一个最经常的受害者狗会咬人。

If you stand over a dog and ruffle the top of its head this can also be perceived as threatening, imagine someone coming up to you and ruffling your hair every time you met, how would you feel?如果您的立场超过一只狗和皱叶上方的头部，这也可以被视为具有威胁性，想象有人来向你和你的头发ruffling在您每次会见，你会如何感受呢？

Turid Rugaas (1) The Norwegian behaviourist and acknowledged expert on reading the intricate body language of our canine companion's states that dogs have a highly developed set of calming signals that act as diffusers of aggression and conflict.蒂丽德迪克•卢格斯（ 1 ）挪威behaviourist和公认的专家，读错综复杂的身体语言，我们的伴侣犬的国家，狗有一个高度发达的一套悠闲的信号作为扩散的侵略和冲突。 These signals include circling, lip licking, yawning, sniffing the ground, looking away, moving very slowly and deliberately, the body shake as if shedding water, distracted sniffing, and either sitting or lying down.这些信号包括盘旋，唇舔，打哈欠，嗅天拿水的地面上，看距离，移动速度非常缓慢，并故意，身体动摇，因为如果换掉的水，分心，吸嗅天拿水，无论是坐或躺下。 These signals are aimed at other dogs but are also directed at us, who are also perceived loosely as pack members.这些信号的目的是在其他狗，而且还针对我们，谁也察觉到松散作为包的成员。

Just as we expect our pets to understand our every word, then dogs think we can interpret their signals, quite often these are the ones we miss when our dogs are stressed or worried.正如我们期望我们的宠物，以了解我们的每一个字，那么，狗认为我们可以解释他们的信号，很多时候这些都是那些我们错过当我们的狗是强调或担心。 If you can spot them you can actually signal back calming gestures in response such as yawning, lip licking, moving slowly, and looking away.如果你能当场他们，你其实可以信号回悠闲的姿态作出回应，如打哈欠，唇舔，移动缓慢，寻找消失。 This helps to diffuse the situation and relax your pet.这有助于化解困境，并放宽您的宠物。

If you think about it, these actions are the opposite of the aggressive stance that dogs take as a prequel to an attack or dogfight.如果你想想看，这些行动是相反的咄咄逼人的立场，狗采取作为一个传一个攻击或抢破头。

Aggression侵略

As opposed to the calming signals, this body language is initially easier to read and includes ears pinned back flat against head, or sometimes pointed forward, hackles raised, hard stare, low head stance, stiff legged walk, lips skinned back, and tail either upright and quivering or straight out not wagging.作为反对以悠闲的信号，这身体语言，最初是为便于阅读，并包括耳形格势禁，回到单位，对头部，或有时指出，展望未来，提出了令人发指，难以盯，低水头的立场，刚性腿走路，嘴唇皮肤回，和尾巴要么清正quivering或直接不wagging 。 There may be low growling or a snarl.有可能低咆哮或一snarl 。 Sometimes the dog gives a whale eye this is when the head is turned slightly away but the eyes showing the whites are turned towards you.有时狗，让一条鲸鱼眼睛，这是时，头部是开启稍离，但眼睛显示，白人是转向你。 This is often the look when the dog is guarding something like a bone.这往往是看时，狗是护卫像骨。 All these signals are a threat, the dog is saying stop what you are doing or there could be violence.所有这些信号是一种威胁，狗是说，停止你正在做或有可能的暴力行为。

In Wolf packs these threat displays are a way of controlling the hierarchical structure, the breeding males and females will control their pack position by these overtly aggressive stance .在狼来了包，这些威胁显示器的一种方式控制层次结构，选育男性和女性将控制其包的立场，这些公然侵略的立场。 Rarely does it turn into violence these animals cannot really afford to be injured or hurt in an all out fight, therefore threat displays normally suffice.很少是否转入暴力这些动物真的不能负担被伤害或伤害，在一所有列的斗争，因此，威胁显示，通常是不够的。

Because of our and sometimes other dogs, inability to read the postures and body language and give calming signals in return means that sometimes the threats can actually escalate into physical violence.因为我们的，有时是其他狗，无法阅读的姿态和身体语言，并给予悠闲信号，在返回的手段，有时威胁，其实可以升级为身体暴力。

Timid Dogs: If you find that your dog is very fearful or timid round strangers get them to walk him on a lead with you, it calms and gives confidence to the stressed dog, make sure you are walking next to the dog at the same time胆小狗：如果您发现您的狗是很可怕的或胆小一轮陌生人，让他们走，他就带头与你，平静和信心，给人以强调的狗，请确定您是步行旁边的狗在同一时间，

In conclusion, we need to watch and learn from our pets, if you write down the numerous signals your pet gives and in what context you will gradually build up an understanding of what he is saying to you.总括而言，我们需要观察和学习，从我们的宠物，如果你写下来，许多信号，让您的宠物和在什么背景下，你将逐步建立一个什么样的了解，他是说给您。

You can then signal back appeasing signals in return turn your head away, yawn, or lick your lips at a fearful or aggressive dog and you may just diffuse the situation.然后，您可以信号回绥靖信号的回报，从而远离你的头上，哈欠，或舔你的嘴唇在恐惧或侵略性的狗，你可能只是弥漫的情况。

With practice, you should find yourself more able to communicate with your dog with a more enriched and sophisticated vocabulary.和实践的结合上，您应该可以找到自己更能够沟通，您的爱犬与更丰富和复杂的词汇。 This will benefit both you and your dog and allow you to have a better understanding and more relaxed relationship with your pet.这将有利于您和您的狗，让您有更深入的了解和更宽松的关系，与您的宠物。

Stan Rawlinson斯坦罗林森
© June 2005 © 2005年6月

Stan is recommended by numerous Vets, Rescue Centres, and Charities and writes for numerous magazines including Dogs Monthly, Our Dogs and K9 Magazine he also serves as an expert on K9 Magazine's Animal Advisory Panel.斯坦是所建议的许多兽医，救援中心，和慈善机构，并撰写了许多杂志，包括狗，每月，我们的狗和k9杂志，他还作为一个专家就k9杂志的动物咨询小组。

http://www.doglistener.co.uk enquiries@doglistener.co.uk 0208 979 2019 http://www.doglistener.co.uk enquiries@doglistener.co.uk ○二○八九七九二○一九

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