Can I Give My Dog The Flu?我可以给我的狗流感？

Article source: http://www.animalhelp.com/ . 文章来源： http://www.animalhelp.com/ 。 Used with author's permission. 用作者的许可。

Everyone seems on edge about the latest outbreak of avian flu.每个人似乎边缘的最新发现禽流感疫情。 People in China are told to kill their poultry in order to keep the virus from spreading.在中国人民被告知要杀死他们的家禽，以阻止病毒的扩散。 Meanwhile people in the United States watch on in fear that the avian flu will come to their shores.同时美国民众关注的担心，禽流感将他们的海岸。 So what exactly is all the hubbub about?因此，到底什么是所有的喧闹呢？ After all, every winter millions of people come down with bird flu.毕竟，每到冬天百万计的人下降了禽流感。

Origin of Influenza流感的由来

Influenza, the term, came into use around 1504, though it had little to do with the virus.流感的任期，投入使用1504年左右，但几乎没有这样的病毒。 It came from the word: influence.它来自词：影响力。 At the time, influence meant: "the ethereal power of the stars acting on men."当时，影响力是指： “权力的空灵的星级男子行事。 ” It was basically a supernatural way of explaining the effects of disease on people at the time.它基本上是一个超自然的方式解释疾病影响的人的时候。 During a particularly nasty outbreak of the flu in Europe during 1743, the term was officially attached to the name of the disease.在一个特别讨厌爆发的禽流感在欧洲1743年，任期正式所附的名字疾病。 96 years later, the term was shortened to just: flu. 96年后，任期缩短为公正：感。

The flu, itself, is a whole family of viruses called Orthomyxovirids.感冒，本身就是整个家庭的病毒称为Orthomyxovirids 。 They are a diverse family that are commonly found in the guts of birds.他们是一个多元化的家庭，是常见的胆量的鸟类。 The specific type of viruses that infect birds, are called type A flu.在特定类型的病毒，感染鸟类，被称为A型禽流感。 It was one of these type A's that was believed to have infected people a long time ago.这是其中的一个A型就是被认为已经感染的人很久以前。 Thus giving us, the flu for the first time.因此，让我们的禽流感首次。 Though the virus that initially infected man, has long since evolved into a variety of human specific strains, the initially origin appears to lay squarely among birds.尽管最初的病毒感染的人，早已演变成各种人类特定菌株，最初起源似乎在于正视之间的鸟类。 As such, all human flu bugs could, technically, be called: avian flu.因此，所有人类禽流感的错误可以从技术上讲，被称为：禽流感病毒。

Pathogens and specificity病原菌和特异性

Pathogens are viewed as being any living organism that is capable of causing a disease.病原体被视为是任何活的有机体，能够导致疾病。 It is a term that is generally reserved for bacteria, fungi and viruses.这是一个术语，通常是保留给细菌，真菌和病毒。 Pathogens are usually very specific in who, or what, they infect.病原菌通常是非常具体的谁，或者什么，他们感染。 This has a lot to do with the way in which they are constructed.这有很多事情要做的方式，他们在建造。

Both bacterial and viral outer structure, consist of a receptor binding proteins.这两种细菌和病毒外层结构，由一个受体结合的蛋白质。 These proteins give the pathogen a certain geometry.这些蛋白质使病原体有一定几何形状。 This geometry allows the pathogen to attach to complementary receptor sites on the cells of the critter that they are trying to infect.这使得几何病原体重视互补性受体网站上细胞的critter ，他们正试图感染。 Because of the wide variety of life forms on the planet, each cell type has a different arrangement of receptors.由于各种各样的生命形式的星球上，不同的细胞类型具有不同的安排受体。 Most of the time, the pathogen's geometry will not fit these receptors, and the critter remains immune.在大多数情况下，病原体的几何不适合这些受体，并critter依然幸免。 Only those unlucky few species, whose cell receptors do fit, are the ones that have to suffer the infection.只有那些不幸的几个物种，其细胞受体不适合，是那些已经遭受感染。

Occasionally, though, a new pathogen comes along that has a geometry that is general enough to allow it to latch onto many different species.偶尔，不过，一个新的病原体是沿着这有一个几何这是一般足以使它能抓住许多不同的物种。 These are the pathogens that are often the more deadly.这些病原体往往更为致命。

Influenza is one of these general viruses.流感是其中的一个普遍的病毒。 It is capable of infecting most bird species.它能够感染大多数鸟类物种。 It's also very good at doing what all life forms do.它也非常善于做所有的生命形式做。 It evolves.它的发展。 This has allowed it to cross multiple species barriers, and jump from birds, to people, to pigs, cows, and horses.这使得它跨越多个物种的障碍，从鸟类跳跃，向人民，向猪，牛，马。 Thus making influenza a very cosmopolitan virus family.从而使流感非常大都会病毒家族。 This still doesn't explain all the worry about this recent outbreak of avian flu though.这仍然不能解释所有的担心最近爆发的禽流感病毒的。 For that, one must go back in time to 1918, and the Spanish flu.为此，我们必须及时返回到1918年，西班牙流感。

It was the close of World War I, and the world appeared to be returning back to a more peaceful state.这是密切第一次世界大战，世界似乎是返回一个更加和平的状态。 Then, in various parts of the globe, people started coming down with a particularly virulent form of the flu.然后，在世界各地，人们开始下降了特别强的形式感。 This was a unique case though.这是一个独特的案例虽然。 Instead of the very young, and elderly dying, it was affecting young men and women instead.不是很年轻，和老人死亡，这是影响青年男女代替。 Usually these are the most immune to the effects of the flu.通常，这些是最免疫的影响，禽流感。 By the end of 1918, this form of the flu had killed ~50 million people.截止到1918年，这种形式的流感打死了〜 50万人。 It was the largest pandemic (worldwide epidemic) in recorded history.这是最大的流行病（全球流行病）在历史记录。 So what happened?因此，发生了什么事？

Normally when one gets the flu, it is more of a hassle than anything else.通常当一个得到禽流感，这是更大的麻烦高于一切。 This has a lot to do with the fact that the flu types we normally catch, are viruses that have infected us before.这有很多事情要做的事实是，感冒类型我们通常渔获量，是病毒感染了我们面前。 They have changed just enough so that they can infect us again, but they still remain recognizable to our immune system.他们改变了足以使他们能够再次感染我们，但他们仍然识别我们的免疫系统。 As such, our bodies can keep the virus in check, and then eventually eliminate it.这样，我们的身体能够使病毒的检查，然后最终消除它。 The 1918 flu, though, was different. 1918年的流感，虽然是不同的。 It is now largely believed to have been a case where a new flu virus had hopped species.现在，在很大程度上被认为如新的禽流感病毒已纵身物种。 It went from birds to humans, possibly after circulating and hybridizing inside pigs (which can catch both bird and human versions of the flu).它从鸟类对人类可能以后循环和杂交猪内（可赶上这两个鸟与人类版本的禽流感） 。 This new bug was completely alien to our immune systems and thus, took many completely by surprise.这种新的漏洞被完全外国人对我们的免疫系统，因此，采取了许多完全感到吃惊。

This is what has many scared about this newest avian flu virus (dubbed: H5N1, for the specific proteins found on it).这是有很多害怕的这一最新的禽流感病毒（称为：禽流感，对于特定的蛋白质上找到它） 。 It has proven to be particularly virulent among birds, and the few cases of it infecting people have many worried that another pandemic is on the rise.它已被证明是特别强的鸟类，以及一些情况下它感染的人有很多担心，另一个流行呈上升趋势。

Zoonoses人畜共患病

Influenza is a type of disease referred to a zoonosis.流感是一种疾病指的是人畜共患病。 It means that it can be transmitted from one animal group, to another.这意味着，它可以从一个动物组，到另一个。 Zoonotic diseases used to be further broken up into those that humans catch from other animals (anthropozoonoses) and ones that other animals catch from humans (zooanthroponoses).动物传染病曾经是进一步细分成是人类渔获量从其他动物（ anthropozoonoses ）和那些捕获其他动物从人类（ zooanthroponoses ） 。 Unfortunately, both terms have been misused and confused so much, that neither is particularly favored anymore.不幸的是，这两个词被滥用和困惑这么多，这既不是特别青睐了。 Now they are all viewed as zoonotic diseases.现在，他们都看作是人畜共患疾病。 In the end this makes the most sense, as human beings are animals anyway.在结束这使得大部分意义，因为人类是动物还是。 To break things up any further, just seems excessive.为了打破东西任何进一步的行动，似乎过高。

The flu is not the only zoonotic disease that humans get from other animals.流感不是唯一的人畜共患疾病，人类从其他动物。 Our primate cousins have given us quite a few different diseases including: malaria, hepatitis B, Dengue fever and lymphoma.我们的灵长类表亲为我们提供了不少不同的疾病，其中包括：疟疾， B型肝炎，登革热和淋巴瘤。 Of course the most infamous of these zoonotic diseases would probably be HIV.当然，最臭名昭著的这些动物传染病可能感染艾滋病毒。

Though there are those that would like to believe that the Human Immunodeficiency Virus was a genetically engineered weapon that was released among the African populace (they give far too much credit to genetic engineers, who are proud enough to make yeast that can fluoresce), the simian origin of HIV is pretty well established.尽管有那些愿意相信，人类免疫缺陷病毒是一种遗传工程武器，被释放的非洲民众（他们给予太多的信贷遗传工程师，谁感到自豪足以使酵母能荧光）中，猴艾滋病毒起源是相当不错成立。 HIV has close ties to the simian version: SIV (Simian Immunodeficiency Virus).艾滋病毒有密切联系的猴版： 1874 （猴免疫缺陷病毒） 。 The big difference between the two, besides their first letters, is that SIV rarely kills the apes it infects.大两者之间的差额，除第一字母，是1874极少猿杀死感染。 In fact, many apes are capable of carrying viral loads equivalent to those seen in humans with advanced AIDS, yet rarely show any signs of trouble.事实上，许多类人猿是能够携带病毒量相当于人类看到艾滋病晚期，但很少表现出任何迹象的麻烦。 This suggests that the host and the pathogen have been doing this for a very long time, and the host's body has found a way to handle the virus.这表明，东道国和病原体已经这样做了很长的时间，与东道国的尸体已经找到一种方法来处理该病毒。 Humans only recently acquired HIV.人类最近才收购了艾滋病毒。 As such, our bodies have yet to "learn" how to deal with the threat that this virus poses.这样，我们的身体还没有“学习”如何对付这种威胁，这种病毒构成。 Which is one reason why HIV is so very virulent at the moment.这是原因之一艾滋病毒是非常致命的时刻。

These are just some of the diseases that other animals have given to humans.这些只是一些疾病，其他动物已经给人类。 But what of the reverse?但是，对扭转？ What have we given our animal brethren?有什么我们给我们的动物兄弟？

Many of the "classic" diseases that most humans catch, are ones that we are capable of giving to our primate cousins.许多“经典”的疾病，大多数人追赶，都是我们能够给我们的灵长类近亲。 This includes the flu, measles, chicken pox and tuberculosis.这其中包括禽流感，麻疹，水痘和肺结核。

One particularly nasty disease that we are capable of transmitting is the infamous Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD).一个特别讨厌的疾病，我们有能力，转递是臭名昭著的手足口病（口蹄疫） 。 FMD rarely affects humans, but it does use us as a carrier for it.口蹄疫很少影响到人类，但它使用我们作为一个载体，它。 The disease can hang out in our nasal passages, throat, and on our clothing.这种疾病可以挂在我们的鼻腔通道，喉咙，和我们的衣服。 It usually infects various forms of livestock (cattle, pigs, sheep, goats).它通常感染各种形式的牲畜（牛，猪，绵羊，山羊） 。 Symptoms usually include fever and prominent sores on the feet and mouth (hence the name).症状包括发烧和突出疮的脚和嘴（因而得名） 。 Most infected animals do survive.大多数受感染动物做生存。 Only ~5% die from the disease.只有〜 5 ％死于这种疾病。

The second disease is far more pernicious, and the victims have us to blame.第二个疾病是更为有害的，受害者有我们的原因。 It is the coral disease referred to as: white pox.这是珊瑚疾病被称为：白痘。 This disease can kill up to 10 square centimeters of coral a day (~120ft a year).这种疾病可以杀死最多一十平方厘米珊瑚一天（ 〜 120英尺一年） 。 Over the past decade over 90% of Caribbean reef coral (Acropora palmata), have died.在过去的十年中90 ％以上的加勒比海礁珊瑚（鹿角草） ，已经死亡。 The culprit behind it is the little human gut bacterium: Serratia marcescens.背后的罪魁祸首是什么人的肠道细菌：粘质沙雷氏菌。 While humans can occasionally fall victim to this bacterium, it usually doesn't infect us.虽然人类可以偶尔牺牲品这种细菌，它通常不会感染我们。 Instead it lives in our guts and gets expelled in our feces.相反，它生活在我们的勇气和获得驱逐我们的粪便。 Improper sewage treatment has resulted in human excrement flowing out into the Caribbean, where the newly released bacterium has infected the local coral.污水处理不当造成了人的粪便流入到加勒比地区，在新发布的细菌感染了当地的珊瑚。

So remember; the next time you start to feel under the weather, don't worry about coughing on your dog.所以请记住;下一次你开始觉得天气下，不用担心咳嗽你的狗。 Chances are, your canine pal probably won't get it.机遇是，您的犬的朋友可能会明白这一点。 Unless, of course, it is the flu.当然，除非它是禽流感。

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